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[CIDC FTP Data]
[ERBE Angular Radiation Distribution Data on FTP]
Data Access
Angular Radiation Distribution Model for Earth-Atmosphere System
Shortwave Anisotropic Factor
Standard Deviation of Mean Shortwave Radiances
Correlation of Longwave and Shortwave Radiances
Mean Shortwave Albedo
Day-night Mean Longwave Anisotropic Factor
Standard Deviation of Day-night Longwave Radiances
Daytime Mean Longwave Flux
Day-night Longwave Flux Differences
[rule]
Readme Contents
Data Set Overview
Sponsor
Original Archive
Future Updates
The Data
Characteristics
Source
The Files
Format
Name and Directory Information
Companion Software
The Science
Theoretical Basis of Data
Processing Sequence and Algorithms
Scientific Potential of Data
Validation of Data
Contacts
Points of Contact
References
[rule]
Data Set Overview
This readme describes a set of broad spectral band shortwave (0.2
to 4 micron) and longwave (5 to 50 micron) angular radiation
distribution models. The satellite measurements of
Earth-atmosphere radiations are usually confined to certain local
times and specific directions of view depending on orbital
constraints and instrument scanning capabilities. However, if
angular dependence of reflected and emitted radiation for a
surface are known, the total outgoing flux at the top of the
atmosphere and the radiations in all directions could be inferred
from a single observation (Raschke et al., 1973 ).
Development of angular radiance distribution models has been one
of the objectives of the Earth Radiation Budget experiment (ERB)
on the Nimbus-7 satellite (Jacobwitz et al., 1984). A
comprehensive set of angular radiance distribution models
presented here (Suttles et al. 1988a, 1988b ) have been derived
primarily from radiances measured between 1978 and 1980 by the
Nimbus-7 E RB scanner. In data sparse regions the parameters have
been estimated including observations from Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) because of its better
diurnal sampling capability ( Minnis and Harrison, 1984 ). The
data gaps were filled by variety of other technniques including
interpolation and extrapolation based on the reciprocity
principle, some empirical and radiative transfer models (Suttles
et al. 1988a, 1988b).
The parameters of the shortwave angular radiance distribution
model consist of both bidirectional and directional parameters.
The bidirectional parameters are anisotropic factor, standard
deviation of shortwave (SW) radiances, and shortwave-longwave
radiance correlation coefficient as a function of 10 solar zenith
angle, 7 viewing zenith angle, 8 relative azimuth angle and 12
scene categories. The directional parameters are mean albedo as a
function of solar zenith angle and mean albedo normalised to
overhead Sun.
The longwave angular radiance model parameters are anisotropic
factor and standard deviation of longwave (LW) radiances as a
function of 7 viewing zenith angle, 10 colatitude, 4 season and 12
scene categories. The directional parameters are mean daytime
longwave flux and (day - night) longwave flux difference derived
as a function of 10 colatitudes and 4 seasons. The longwave
daytime flux difference is given only for 10 scene types.
The angular bidirecctional and directional radiation distribution
model have been used in the analysis of satellite measurements,
earth radiation budget studies and in particular by the Earth
Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) team in the ERBE inversion
algorithm (Barkstrom et al., 1989) as a tool for infering
hemispheric fluxes from ERBE radiances (Smith et al., 1986;
Wielicki and Green, 1989).
Sponsor
The production and distribution of this data set are funded by
NASA's Earth Science enterprise. The Data are not copyrighted;
however, we request that when you publish data or results using
these data please acknowledge as follows:
The authors wish to thank the following investigators:
* J.T. Suttles, R.N. Green, P. Minnis, G.L. Smith,
W.F. Staylor, and B.A. Wielicki
Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
* I.J. Walker and D.F. Young
Planning Research Corporation, Hampton, Virginia
* V.R. Taylor and L.L. Stowe
NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data and
Information Service, Washington, D.C.
for the production of this data set, and the Distributed
Active Archive Center (Code 902) at the Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, for putting these
data in their present format and distributing them.
These distribution activities were sponsored by NASA's
Earth Science enterprise.
Original Archive
This data sets original archive was at the National Space Sciences
Data Center, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
20771, however it is no longer there.
Future Updates
Revisions of this data are not planned in the near future.
The Data
Characteristics
The angular radiation model consists of eight parameters (listed
below), which are surface type based global means and time
invariant (measurements are averaged over the period from 1978 to
1980).
Parameters Units Range
SW anisotropic factor unitless 0.410 - 12.764
Standard deviation of SW W/(m2-sr)
radiances 0.383 - 116.40
Correlation of LW and SW
radiances unitless -0.598 - 0.685
Mean SW albedo unitless 0.076 - 0.679
Day-night mean LW anisotropic
factor unitless 0.837 - 1.067
Standard deviation of day-night W/(m2-sr)
LW radiances 2.438 - 15.772
Daytime mean LW flux W/m2 123.61 -
350.54
Day-night LW flux differences W/m2 -41.67 - 60.04
The Model
The parameters were calculated as a function of 12 scene types.
Scene type Acronym Cloud coverage (%)
Clear over ocean clo 0 - 5
Clear over land cll 0 - 5
Clear over snow cls 0 - 5
Clear over desert cld 0 - 5
Clear over land-ocean mix clm 0 - 5
Partly cloudy over ocean pco 5 - 50
Partly cloudy over land or desert pcl 5 - 50
Partly cloudy over land-ocean mix pcm 5 - 50
Mostly cloudy over ocean mco 50 - 95
Mostly cloudy over land or desert mcl 50 - 95
Mostly cloudy over land-ocean mix mcm 50 - 95
Overcast ovr 95 - 100
Day-night LW flux difference divides overcast into overcast
over ocean (ovo) and overcast over land (ovl).
Shortwave Angular Model Specifics
For each of the twelve scene types , the SW anisotropic
factor, SW Standard deviation and correlation of LW and SW
were calculated as a function of:
o 10 solar zenith angles
o 7 viewing zenith angles
o 8 relative azimuth angles
The mean SW albedo were calculated as a function of 10 solar
zenith angles, for each of the twelve scene types.
Solar zenith Viewing zenith Relative azimuth
angle, deg. angle, deg. angle, deg.
0 - 25.84 0 - 15 0 - 9
25.84 - 36.87 15 - 27 9 - 30
36.87 - 45.57 27 - 39 30 - 60
45.57 - 53.13 39 - 51 60 - 90
53.13 - 60.00 51 - 63 90 - 120
60.00 - 66.42 63 - 75 120 - 150
66.42 - 72.54 75 - 90 150 - 171
72.54 - 78.46 171 - 180
78.46 - 84.26
84.26 - 90.00
The relative azimuth angle is measured from the principle
plane on the side away from the Sun. The principle plane is
defined as the plane containing the ray from the Sun to the
target area and the zenith ray that is normal to the target
area. Symmetry about the principal plane is assumed for the
azimuth angle. Thus, forward reflecting corresponds to 0
degrees and backward reflecting corresponds to 180 degrees
azimuth.
Longwave Angular Model Specifics
For each of the twelve scene types, the LW anisotropic factor
and LW Standard deviation were derived as a function of:
o four seasons
+ winter northern hemisphere (Dec., Jan., Feb.)
+ spring northern hemisphere (Mar., Apr., May.)
+ summer northern hemisphere (Jun., Jul., Aug.)
+ fall northern hemisphere (Sep., Oct., Nov.)
o 10 colatitude regions
o 7 viewing zenith angles
The LW radiation flux were calculated as a function of four
seasons (listed above) and 10 colatitude regions . As usual
the LW fluxes are given for each of the twelve scene types.
However there are only ten scene types for the (day - night)
flux difference parameter. The combined land/ocean scenes are
not present while the overcast scene is divided into overcast
over land and overcast over ocean.
Colatitude angle, Viewing zenith angle,
deg. deg.
0 - 18 0 - 15
18 - 36 15 - 27
36 - 54 27 - 39
54 - 72 39 - 51
72 - 90 51 - 63
90 - 108 63 - 75
108 - 126 75 - 90
126 - 144
144 - 162
162 - 180
Source
The angular radiation models were derived primarily from Nimbus-7
Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) radiance measurements (Jacobowitz et
al. 1984). Cloud data came from the Nimbus-7 Cloud Climatology
(Stowe et al., 1988) which was developed from the measurements
from two additional Nimbus-7 instruments, the Temperature and
Humidity Infrared Radiometer (THIR) and the Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer (TOMS). The radiance and cloud measurements were
combined and the anisotropic SW and LW factors derived by the
procedure described in Taylor and Stowe (1984 & 1986). Because the
Nimbus-7 satellite was in a Sun-synchronous orbit, no data was
obtained for a number of the angular bins. Suttles et al. (1988 &
1989) describe how these bins were filled in. In particular a
number of the directional albedos were derived from Geostationary
Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) measurements. For the
GOES results, the analysis of November 1978 GOES-East data by
Minnis and Harrison (1984b, 1984c) was used.
Specifications for the ERB scanner are:
* noon Sun-synchronous orbit
* scanner consists of four optical telescopes
* each telescope has the following broadband channels:
o shortwave (0.2 to 4 microns)
o longwave (5 to 50 microns)
* multiaxis scanning capability:
o scans from horizon to horizon along the orbital track
o scans to a viewing zenith angle of 72 degrees in the
cross-track direction
* spatial resolution:
o 90 km x 90 km at nadir
o 250 km x 250 km at the maximum scan angle.
A more detailed description of the ERB instrument exists in
Jacobowitz et al. (1984).
The Files
Format
Data Files
* File Size: range in size from 204 to 3430 bytes
* Data Format: ascii text
* Headers, trailers, and delimiters: see file organization
* Fill value: -99.99
* File organization:
o Each of the SW anisotropic, SW standard deviation and
SW-LW correlation coefficient files contain data from a
specific scene type. The files contain 10 blocks of 8
rows, each block being measurements from a specific
solar zenith angle range. First row of each block is a
header indicating the solar zenith angle and the next 7
rows contain parameter values as a function of relative
azimuth angles (8 columns) and viewing zenith angles (7
rows).
o The mean SW albedo (directional parameter) has very
simple file structure compared to bidirectional
parameter. There is no header in the data file. Data is
represented in a matrix as function of scene type (12
rows) and solar zenith angle (10 column).
o Each of the LW anisotropic and LW standard deviation
files contain data from a specific scene type. The files
contain 4 block of measurements representing the
specific season, starting with the winter and ending
with fall. In each block the header indicates the
season, and the parameter values are presented as a
function view zenith angles (7 rows) and colatitude
angles (10 column)
o The daytime LW flux and day-night LW flux difference
files contain 12 and 10 blocks, respectively. Each block
represents data for a specific scene type starting with
a scene header and then the parameter values follow as
function of season (4 rows) and colatitude angles (10
column).
NAME AND DIRECTORY INFORMATION
Naming Convention
The file naming convention for the angular radiation model dataset
is
erbe_ang.pppppp.sss.asc and
erbe_ang.pppppp.asc
where:
erbe_ang = data product designator (angular radiation models)
pppppp = parameter designator
swanis = shortwave anisotropic factor
swstdv = standard deviation of shortwave radiances
swcorr = correlation of LW and SW radiances
swalbd = shortwave albedo
lwanis = longwave anisotropic factor
lwstdv = standard deviation of longwave radiances
lwflux = longwave radiation flux
lwfldn = day-night longwave radiation flux difference
sss = scene type designator
clo = clear over ocean
cll = clear over land
cls = clear over snow
cld = clear over desert
clm = clear over land-ocean mix
pco = partly cloudy over ocean
pcl = partly cloudy over land
pcm = partly cloudy over land-ocean mix
mco = mostly cloudy over ocean
mcl = mostly cloudy over land
mcm = mostly cloudy over land-ocean mix
ovr = overcast
asc = file type designator (ascii)
Plots of the angular radiation models data set have been provided
in gif format. The file naming convention for these files are
erbe_ang.pppppp.sss.gif and
erbe_ang.pppppp.sss.aaaaaa.gif
where:
erbe_ang = data product designator (as listed above)
pppppp = parameter designator (as listed above)
sss = scene type designator (as listed above), with the
addition of land, ocean and snow (snow and desert)
designators for the SW albedo gifs
aaaaaa = azimuth designator
0 - 26 = 0 - 25.84 degrees
26 - 37 = 25.84 - 36.87 degrees
37 - 46 = 36.87 - 45.57 degrees
46 - 53 = 45.57 - 53.13 degrees
53 - 60 = 53.13 - 60.00 degrees
60 - 66 = 60.00 - 66.42 degrees
66 - 72 = 66.42 - 72.54 degrees
72 - 78 = 72.54 - 78.46 degrees
78 - 84 = 78.46 - 84.26 degrees
84 - 90 = 84.26 - 90.00 degrees
gif = file type designator (Graphics Interchange Format)
Directory Path to ASCII Files and Image Files
/data/inter_disc/remote_sensing_science/erbe_angle/pppppp
where pppppp are:
swanis = shortwave anisotropic factor directory
swstdv = standard deviation of shortwave radiances directory
swcorr = correlation of LW and SW radiances directory
swalbd = shortwave albedo directory
lwanis = longwave anisotropic factor directory
lwstdv = standard deviation of longwave radiances directory
lwflux = Daytime mean longwave radiation flux directory
Companion Software
Since the data files are in Ascii format, no formal read program
is provided.
The Science
Theoretical Basis of Data
Analysis of satellite measurements for determination of the
Earth's radiation budget requires information about the angular
characteristics of radiation that is reflected (shortwave) and
emitted (longwave) from the earth-atmosphere system (Smith et al.
1986). The angular radiation model accomplishes this by defining
for an imaginary surface at the top of the atmosphere, the exiting
radiance for each direction out to space as a function of the
total hemispheric flux leaving the element. In principle, a
radiance measurement at a single angle can then be converted into
an inferred hemispheric flux (Suttles et al., 1988a, 1988b;
Wielicki and Green, 1989).
The bidirectional model parameters are based on the relationship
between radiance L and flux M. For shortwave model this
relationship is the following:
[SW radiation equation]
The longwave model relationship is:
[SW radiation equation]
An anisotropic function R can be calculated for shortwave where
[SW radiation equation]
The equation for the longwave anisotropic function R is
[SW radiation equation]
The anisotropic function for both the shortwave and longwave are
defined as the ratio of the equivalent lambertian flux to the
actual flux. Thus, if the surface is lambertian, that is,
independent of viewing angles, then R = 1.
The angular radiance model are derived for 12 scene
classifications, taking into consideration variations in the
reflectivity of different surfaces. The 12 scene type are based on
broad categories of climatologically important surface and cloud
features and were originally developed for the ERBE data analysis
(Smith et al. 1986).
* Surface types of land, desert or ocean were determined a
priori by reference to a geographic map or atlas. The desert
scene includes vegetated and nonvegetated types.
* Mixed scene types (i.e. clear over land-ocean mix, partly
cloudy over land-ocean mix and mostly cloudy over land-ocean
mix) were calculated using the assumption that observations
of mixed scene are either ocean or land with and equal (i.e.
50-percent) probability of being one or the other (Suttles et
al.,1988a, 1988b).
* Snow cover scenes, which include snow and ice, were determine
using time-varying snow maps (Fye 1978; Morse and Ropelewski
1983).
* Cloud scene identification, for the bidirectional parameters
and LW fluxes, were performed using an improved Nimbus-7
cloud-detection algorithm described by Stowe et al. (1988).
This improved algorithm is based on a surface temperature
analysis from 3-hourly, Air Force 3-D nephanalysis data (Fye
1978); on reflectance data from the ultraviolet channel of
the TOMS; and on infrared window channel emission from the
THIR. The cloud analysis for the angular model were performed
over the period of April 1, 1979 to June 22, 1980.
* Cloud scene identification for the mean SW albedo was based
on an analysis of GOES data using the method of Minnis and
Harrison (1984a), which uses 8-km infrared data and 1-km
visible data sampled every 8 km.
* Overcast scenes were computed using a weighted average of the
overcast-over-ocean and overcast-over-land (Suttles et al.,
1988a, 1988b).
Processing Sequence and Algorithms
ERB data were binned according to solar zenith angle, view zenith
angle, relative azimuth and scene type for the shortwave
bidirectional model, and binned according to view zenith,
colatitude and scene type for the longwave bidirectional model.
When fewer than eight samples were available for a bin, the mean
value for the bin was counted as missing. The following
interpolation steps were used for bins that were classified as
missing.
Shortwave
* Where values were missing for an entire solar-zenith-angle
bin the Helmholtz Principle of Reciprocity (Chandrasekhar
1960) was used, and an empirical relation for desert scenes (
Staylor and Suttles 1986) was used for desert scenes.
* Where values were missing for occasional, isolated
viewing-angle bins (which generally occurred at the largest
viewing-angle bins) bilinear interpolation was used in most
cases. The interpolations was first done along the azimuthal
direction and then along the viewing zenith direction. The
results from both interpolations are then averaged to get the
estimated value. The interpolation schemes used are as
follows:
Case Bin configuration Interpolated value of x
1 a x a
2 a o x a
3 a o o x Unknown
4 a x o o a
5 a o x o a
6 a x b a/2 + b/2
7 a x o b 2a/3 + b/3
8 a x o o b a
9 a o x o b Unknown*
where "a" and "b" are known values, "o" is an
unknown value, and "x" is the value to be
determined.
*Use x-value in other direction if available;
if not available use x = (a/2) + (b/2)
Case 3 demonstrates an instance in which a value for "x"
cannot be determined. In such cases the values are estimated
using linear extrapolation or scaling from data in
neighboring solar-zenith-angle bins.
* In cases where interpolation produced unusual variations or
unreasonable reciprocity results, more reasonable values were
estimated.
* After obtaining values for all angle bins, the models were
checked using the normalization criterion described in
Suttles et al. (1988a). Final model values satisfy the
normalization criterion to within + or - 0.0001.
Longwave
* Where missing data occurred for an entire season or
colatitude bin, the bin-mean values for all viewing-angle
bins were replicated from the seasons or colatitude bins.
* Where bin-mean values were missing for occasional and
isolated viewing-angle bins, values were determined by
interpolation, extrapolations, or averaging using surrounding
viewing-angle bin values. Depending on appropriateness,
missing data were filled using one of the following methods:
1. Replication of data from appropriate season of opposite
hemisphere (e.g. Southern Hemisphere winter for Northern
Hemisphere winter)
2. Replication of data from contiguous season of same
hemisphere
3. Replication of data from adjacent colatitude bin
4. Replication of data from a similar scene type
5. Replication of data from daytime to nighttime or vice
versa
6. Interpolation, extrapolation, or averaging using values
in surrounding bins
Shortwave Directional Model
The mean albedo was derived from a combination of ERB and GOES
measurements. The directional models are normalized by dividing
each bin value of albedo by the value for the first
solar-zenith-angle bin. Thus, the model can be defined in terms of
the normalized function (a shape function) and the albedo for the
first solar bin (a reference value). The GOES yielded the best
estimate of the shape function for tropical and subtropical
latitudes. The ERB data best described the shape function (except
for the lowest solar zenith angles) for middle and high latitudes.
A simple average of the GOES and ERB models was used to produce
global mean albedos.
Exceptions to this averaging process were:
* In cases of unreasonable changes in albedo, for the ERB data,
due to Sun angle (i.e. low albedos for overcast and mostly
cloudy scenes over ocean at low solar zenith angles, and
mostly cloudy scenes over land at high solar zenith angles)
the data was smoothed before being averaged with the GOES
data.
* Theoretical results were derived for the shape function, in
cases of clear over snow and clear over desert scenes where
GOES results were not available and ERB albedos varied
greatly in relation to Sun angle. The radiative transfer code
for the theoretical calculations is described by Wiscombe et
al. (1984).
Scientific Potential of Data
The angular radiation models show the variation of reflective SW
and emitted LW radiation, at the top of the atmosphere, due to
differences in scene type, viewing zenith angle, solar zenith
angle (SW) and colatitude (LW). The results from these models are
useful in the study of the anisotropic characteristics of SW and
LW radiation and as a source of angular radiance distribution
information in the processing of derivative products.
The ERB team used this data set in a combined scene identification
and flux estimation algorithm (Wielicki and Green, 1989). The Data
set was created in terms of quantized bins, however to produce
smoother ERBE products, interpolation curves were fitted through
The Data points to produce continuous angular results. In the LW
limb darkening tables they also interpolated to obtain continuous
latitudinal functions.
Others have also used these models to estimate fluxes from scanner
radiance measurements. The original Nimbus-7 ERB scanner flux
estimates were made using earlier and cruder algorithms and
models. After the construction of the ERB ADMs, the Nimbus-7 ERB
scanner fluxes were recomputed using the ERBE algorithm and ADMs
(Kyle et al., 1990; Ardanuy et al., 1990). In addition Stowe et
al. (1994), Cess et al. (1995), and Hucek and Jacobowitz (1995)
used the ADMs in their procedures to estimate broad band fluxes
and albedos from narrow spectral band GOES and AVHRR radiance
measurements.
There are several points that a user of this data set should keep
in mind.
* These are top of the atmosphere results which combine both
the surface and atmosphere effects.
* They were developed from broad spectral band measurement and
therefore should be applied with some caution to narrow
spectral band radiances.
* They are large scale mean results and may not apply well to
certain specific scenes. The standard deviations give some
indication of the variability of the various scene types.
Validation of Data
The angular models have gone through extensive reviews, with the
results described in Suttles et al. (1988a, 1988b). We have also
produced gif plots of this data which can be used to easily
examine the angular model. The gif files are available on this FTP
site.
Contacts
Points of Contact
For information about or assistance in using any DAAC data, please
contact
EOS Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC)
Code 902.2
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Internet: daacuso@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov
301-614-5224 (voice)
301-614-5268 (fax)
References
Ardanuy, P. E., C. R. Kondragunta, and H. L. Kyle, 1990: Low-
Frequency modes of the tropical radiation budget, Meteorol. Atmos.
Phys. , 44, 167-194.
Barkstrom, B. R., E. Harrison, G. Smith, R. Green, J. Kibler, R.
Cess, and the ERBE Science Team, 1989: Earth Radiation Budget
Experiment (ERBE) archival and April 1985 results, Bull. Amer.
Meteor. Soc. , 70, 1254-1262.
Cess, R. C., M. H. Zhang, P. Minnis, L. Corsetti, E.G. Dutton, B.
W. Forgan, D. P. Garber, W. L. Gates, J. J. Hack, E. F. Harrison,
X. Jing, J. R. Kiehl, C. N. Long, J.-j. Morcrette, G. L. Potter,
V. Ramanathan, B. Subasilar, C. H. Whitlock, D. F. Young, and Y.
Zhou, 1995: Absorption of solar radiation by clouds: observations
versus models, Science, 267, 496-499.
Chandrasekhar, S. 1960. Radiative Transfer. Dover Publ., Inc..
Fye, F. K. 1978. The AFGWC Automated Cloud Analysis Model.
AFGWC-TM-78-002, U.S. Air Force, June. (Available from DTIC as AD
A057 176.)
Hucek, R., and H. Jacobowitz, 1995: Impact of scene dependence on
AVHRR albedo models, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol. , 12, 697-711.
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Climate & Appl. Meteorol., 23(7):1032-1051.
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Raschke, E., V. Haar, H. Thomas, W. R. Bandeen, M. Pasternak.
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Smith, G. L., R.N. Green, E. Raschke, L.M. Avis, J.T. Suttles,
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Studies of the Earth's Radiative Budget: Development of Algorithms
for the ERBE Mission. Review Geophys., 24(2):407-421.
Staylor, F.W. and Suttles J. T. 1986. Reflection and Emission
Models for Deserts Derived From Nimbus-7 ERB Scanner Measurements.
J. Climate & Appl. Meteorol., 25(2):196-202
Stowe, L.L., C.G. Wellemeyer, T.F. Eck, Y.Y.M. Yeh, and Nimbus-7
Cloud Data Processing Ream. 1988. Nimbus-7 Global Cloud
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B.A. Wielicki, I.J. Walker, D.F. Young, V.R. Taylor, and L.L.
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